Sources
Follow a claim back to the document. Each method profile states how its sources were inspected and where their coverage stops.
How to read the evidence
Official rules are identified by jurisdiction. Teaching chapters explain a method; original papers support a particular study. Abstract-only access supports only information visible in that abstract. Constructed teaching scenarios are never presented as published findings.
Sources were checked October 21, 2026. This is an access date, not the source’s publication year. Where one document serves several profiles, the catalog below gives one inspection note; consult the profile for its local context.
Source catalog
42 distinct source URLs across 28 profiles.
- 45 CFR part 46: Protection of human subjects. (n.d.). https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-45/subtitle-A/subchapter-A/part-46
US federal regulation for research within its scope Current text reached from the HHS regulations index; see especially 46.110–46.111. Checked 21 October 2026.
Used in: Research ethics review
- American statistical association releases statement on statistical significance and p-values. (n.d.). https://www.amstat.org/asa/files/pdfs/p-valuestatement.pdf
Page 2, six principles Official ASA release reproducing the six principles. Full publisher article returned 403, so this source is the verified official access route. Opened and checked 21 October 2026.
Used in: Effect size, Hypothesis testing
- Calculating and reporting effect sizes to facilitate cumulative science: A practical primer for t-tests and anovas. (n.d.). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00863Consulted source
Introduction and sections on standardized mean differences and within-subject designs Lakens, 2013, original methods paper. Supports metric/standardizer choices, design dependence, and cumulative use; not a universal practical-importance threshold. Opened and checked 21 October 2026.
Used in: Effect size
- Center for Open Science. (n.d.-a). Preregistration. https://www.cos.io/initiatives/prereg
Center for Open Science methodological guidance Read definition, existing-data timing, and transparent changes guidance. Checked 21 October 2026.
Used in: Preregistration
- Center for Open Science. (n.d.-b). Registered reports. https://www.cos.io/initiatives/registered-reports
Center for Open Science publishing-format guidance Read qualifying features and quality-assurance discussion; individual journal rules vary. Checked 21 October 2026.
Used in: Registered Reports
- Cochrane handbook, chapter 1: Starting a review. (n.d.). https://www.cochrane.org/authors/handbooks-and-manuals/handbook/current/chapter-01
Sections 1.2–1.3, question formulation and team roles Official current intervention-review guidance. PICO applies to intervention questions, not automatically every psychology review. Opened and checked 21 October 2026.
Used in: Systematic review
- Cochrane handbook, chapter 4: Searching for and selecting studies. (n.d.). https://www.cochrane.org/authors/handbooks-and-manuals/handbook/current/chapter-04
Sections 4.2.2, 4.3, 4.6; searching, study/report distinction, selection Official current methods. Supports reproducible multisource searches and linking multiple reports of one study. Opened and checked 21 October 2026.
Used in: Meta-analysis, Systematic review
- Cochrane handbook, chapter 10: Analysing data and undertaking meta-analyses. (n.d.). https://www.cochrane.org/authors/handbooks-and-manuals/handbook/current/chapter-10
Sections 10.1–10.3, 10.10, 10.14 Current official chapter retrieved as version 6.5, updated November 2024. Supports weighted pooling, heterogeneity, model distinctions, and sensitivity analysis; not automatic pooling. Opened and checked 21 October 2026.
Used in: Meta-analysis
- Conducting surveys. (n.d.). https://opentextbc.ca/researchmethods/chapter/conducting-surveys/
Sampling; Sampling Bias; nonresponse Original psychology teaching chapter. Use sampling procedures and nonresponse discussion. Do not reproduce its incorrect probability wording about a realized frequentist interval. Opened and checked 21 October 2026.
Used in: Sampling
- Corkin, S., Amaral, D. G., González, R. G., Johnson, K. A., & Hyman, B. T. (1997). H. M.’s medial temporal lobe lesion: Findings from magnetic resonance imaging. The Journal of Neuroscience : The Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience, 17(10), 3964–3979. https://doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.17-10-03964.1997Consulted source
Case study: published example only; MRI characterization of H.M.’s lesion and multiple affected medial temporal structures Primary empirical paper, full text accessible and abstract plus clinical background read 21 October 2026. DOI 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.17-10-03964.1997. Does not support a claim that only the hippocampus was damaged.
Used in: Case study
- COSMIN manual, version 2.0. (n.d.). https://www.cosmin.nl/wp-content/uploads/COSMIN-manual-V2_final.pdf
Printed pages 12–14, taxonomy and Table 1.1 Official methods manual for patient-reported outcome measures. Its scope is PROMs; broader psychology applications here are explicit teaching adaptations. Opened and checked 21 October 2026.
Used in: Construct validity, Operationalization, Reliability
- DeJonckheere, M., & Vaughn, L. M. (2019). Semistructured interviewing in primary care research: A balance of relationship and rigour. Family Medicine and Community Health, 7(2), Article e000057. https://doi.org/10.1136/fmch-2018-000057Consulted source
Qualitative interview: procedure 1 and pitfall; purpose, participant selection, ethics, rapport, reflection and trustworthiness Authors’ abstract and bibliographic record read 21 October 2026. BMJ full text returned 403 and PMC returned a browser challenge. No full-text-only claim used.
Used in: Qualitative interview
- Ethical principles of psychologists and code of conduct. (n.d.). https://www.apa.org/ethics/code
APA professional code; not a universal legal code Actual readable code including 2010 and 2016 amendments; see standards 8.07 and 8.08. Checked 21 October 2026.
Used in: Deception and debriefing
- Informed consent faqs. (n.d.). https://www.hhs.gov/ohrp/regulations-and-policy/guidance/faq/informed-consent/index.html
US OHRP nonbinding guidance Page explicitly warns that regulatory references predate the 2018 Requirements; used only for its general process explanation. Checked 21 October 2026.
Used in: Informed consent
- Jhangiani: Research methods in social psychology. (n.d.). https://nobaproject.com/modules/research-methods-in-social-psychology
Naturalistic observation: limits, pitfall and distinction between observing a setting and manipulating it Original authored Noba module read 21 October 2026. No secondary retelling of its cited empirical studies is used as a published example.
Used in: Naturalistic observation
- Lucas, R. E., Clark, A. E., Georgellis, Y., & Diener, E. (2003). Reexamining adaptation and the set point model of happiness: Reactions to changes in marital status. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(3), 527–539. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.84.3.527Consulted source
Longitudinal study: published example only; repeated life-satisfaction data, marital transitions and individual differences Primary authors’ abstract and bibliographic record read 21 October 2026; full paper not accessed. No specific model, attrition estimate or causal effect asserted.
Used in: Longitudinal study
- Lukowski and milojevich: Research methods in developmental psychology. (n.d.). https://nobaproject.com/modules/research-methods-in-developmental-psychology
Longitudinal study: summary, limits and pitfall. Cross-sectional study: basic time contrast and limitations. Attrition, practice and cohort effects. Original authored Noba module read 21 October 2026. Introductory teaching, not empirical evidence for synthetic examples.
Used in: Cross-sectional study, Longitudinal study
- Mehl: Conducting psychology research in the real world. (n.d.). https://nobaproject.com/modules/conducting-psychology-research-in-the-real-world
Naturalistic observation: summary, procedure rationale, allows and limits; real-world measurement and generalizability Original authored Noba module read 21 October 2026. Its categorical claim that only laboratory experiments establish causality is not adopted.
Used in: Naturalistic observation
- NIST/SEMATECH: Confidence limits for the mean. (n.d.). https://www.itl.nist.gov/div898/handbook/eda/section3/eda352.htm
Definition and confidence coefficient; assumptions for mean intervals Official statistical handbook. Supports repeated-sampling coverage and the fixed-parameter distinction. Opened and checked 21 October 2026.
Used in: Confidence interval
- NIST/SEMATECH: Sample sizes required. (n.d.). https://www.itl.nist.gov/div898/handbook/prc/section2/prc222.htm
Sample-size dependence on alpha, beta, specified alternative, and variability Official original statistical teaching module. Formulas are specific to the stated mean-testing design. Opened and checked 21 October 2026.
Used in: Statistical power
- NIST/SEMATECH: What are confidence intervals? (n.d.). https://www.itl.nist.gov/div898/handbook/prc/section1/prc14.htm
Confidence levels; one- and two-sided confidence intervals; unknown standard deviation Official statistical handbook. Supports interval construction and selected level, not an individual-person prediction interval. Opened and checked 21 October 2026.
Used in: Confidence interval
- NIST/SEMATECH: What are statistical tests? (n.d.). https://www.itl.nist.gov/div898/handbook/prc/section1/prc13.htm
Null hypothesis and statistical-test mechanism Official introductory module. Supports testing as a decision procedure; ASA supplies interpretation cautions. Opened and checked 21 October 2026.
Used in: Hypothesis testing
- Nosek, B. A., Ebersole, C. R., DeHaven, A. C., & Mellor, D. T. (2018). The preregistration revolution. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 115(11), 2600–2606. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1708274114Consulted source
Nosek, Ebersole, DeHaven, and Mellor, 2018; methodological article Read abstract and prediction versus postdiction discussion. Checked 21 October 2026.
Used in: Preregistration
- Nosek, B. A., & Errington, T. M. (2020). What is replication? PLOS Biology, 18(3), Article e3000691. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3000691Consulted source
Nosek and Errington, 2020; methodological essay Read primary authors’ proposed definition; commissioned essay, not externally peer reviewed. Checked 21 October 2026.
Used in: Replication
- OpenStax lifespan development: Lifespan development as a science: Research methods. (n.d.). https://openstax.org/books/lifespan-development/pages/1-5-lifespan-development-as-a-science-research-methods
Cross-sectional study: procedure rationale, allows, limits and pitfall; comparisons between age groups and cohort explanations Original OpenStax teaching chapter read 21 October 2026. Developmental scope; broader cross-sectional uses are editorial generalization.
Used in: Cross-sectional study
- Protecting privacy when sharing human research participant data. (n.d.). https://www.grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/notice-files/NOT-OD-22-213.html
US NIH supplemental privacy guidance, NOT-OD-22-213 Nonbinding principles and best practices associated with the NIH data-sharing policy; not a global compliance manual. Checked 21 October 2026.
Used in: Open data and materials, Research data privacy
- Reliability and validity of measurement. (n.d.). https://opentextbc.ca/researchmethods/chapter/reliability-and-validity-of-measurement/
Test-Retest Reliability; Internal Consistency; Interrater Reliability; Content and Criterion Validity Original teaching chapter. Use distinctions, not its universal-looking coefficient cutoffs or oversimplified alpha explanation. Opened and checked 21 October 2026.
Used in: Construct validity, Reliability
- Report of the AAPOR task force on non-probability sampling. (n.d.). https://aapor.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/NPS_TF_Report_Final_7_revised_FNL_6_22_13.pdf
Executive summary, printed pages 1–5; introduction Official professional-association methods report, 2013. Supports conditional model-based inference, transparency, and fit for purpose, not blanket endorsement of convenience samples. Opened and checked 21 October 2026.
Used in: Sampling
- Reproducibility and replicability in science: Summary. (n.d.). https://www.nationalacademies.org/read/25303/chapter/3
National Academies consensus report, 2019 Definitions used here distinguish new-data replication from same-data computational reproduction; terminology varies by field. Checked 21 October 2026.
Used in: Open data and materials, Replication
- Research methods in psychology: Constructing survey questionnaires. (n.d.). https://opentextbc.ca/researchmethods/chapter/constructing-survey-questionnaires/
Survey research: procedure 2, limits 2; wording, response options, recall and question context Open teaching chapter by the textbook authors, read 21 October 2026. Not a primary empirical study.
Used in: Survey research
- Research methods in psychology: Correlational research. (n.d.). https://opentextbc.ca/researchmethods/chapter/correlational-research/
Correlational study: summary, allows, limits and pitfall; observation of measured variables, reverse direction and third-variable explanations Open teaching chapter by the textbook authors, read 21 October 2026. Not a primary empirical study.
Used in: Correlational study
- Research methods in psychology: Experiment basics. (n.d.). https://opentextbc.ca/researchmethods/chapter/experiment-basics/
Randomized experiment: summary, procedure 1 and 3, allows, limits 2; manipulation, confounding and external validity Open teaching chapter by the textbook authors, read 21 October 2026. Not a primary empirical study.
Used in: Randomized experiment
- Research methods in psychology: Experimental design. (n.d.). https://opentextbc.ca/researchmethods/chapter/experimental-design/
Randomized experiment: procedure 2 and pitfall (sampling versus assignment). Within-subjects: summary, procedure, allows, limits, pitfall (carryover and counterbalancing) Open teaching chapter by the textbook authors, read 21 October 2026. Not a primary empirical study.
Used in: Randomized experiment, Within-subjects design
- Research methods in psychology: Overview of survey research. (n.d.). https://opentextbc.ca/researchmethods/chapter/overview-of-survey-research/
Survey research: summary, procedure 1, allows, limits 1, pitfall; self-report and sampling, including experimental surveys Open teaching chapter by the textbook authors, read 21 October 2026. Not a primary empirical study.
Used in: Survey research
- Research methods in psychology: Qualitative research. (n.d.). https://opentextbc.ca/researchmethods/chapter/qualitative-research/
Qualitative interview: summary, procedure 2 and 3, allows and limits; semistructured interviewing and interpretive analysis Open teaching chapter by the textbook authors, read 21 October 2026. Not a primary empirical study.
Used in: Qualitative interview
- Research methods in psychology: Quasi-experimental research. (n.d.). https://opentextbc.ca/researchmethods/chapter/quasi-experimental-research/
Quasi-experiment: summary, procedure rationale, allows, limits and pitfall; nonequivalent groups, pretest-posttest and interrupted time-series logic Open teaching chapter by the textbook authors, read 21 October 2026. Not a primary empirical study.
Used in: Quasi-experiment
- Sample size justification: Improving your statistical inferences, chapter 8. (n.d.). https://lakens.github.io/statistical_inferences/08-samplesizejustification
A-priori power analysis; six sample-size justifications; sensitivity analysis Author-maintained original academic teaching module, linked to Lakens 2022. Supports power conditional on an assumed effect, justified errors, and design-based planning. Opened and checked 21 October 2026.
Used in: Statistical power
- Spielman, R. M., Jenkins, W. J., & Lovett, M. D. (2020). Psychology 2e. OpenStax. https://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/2-2-approaches-to-research
Case study: summary, allows and limits; detailed investigation, rare cases and limits to generalization Open teaching chapter by the textbook authors, read 21 October 2026. Not a primary empirical study.
Used in: Case study
- Stroop (1935): Studies of interference in serial verbal reactions. (n.d.). https://www.yorku.ca/pclassic/Stroop/
Within-subjects design: published example only; Experiment 2 materials and alternating test orders Primary paper in an openly accessible scholarly transcription at York University, Experiment 2 read 21 October 2026. DOI 10.1037/h0054651. Historical procedures are described, not recommended as a current reporting template.
Used in: Within-subjects design
- The belmont report. (n.d.). https://www.hhs.gov/ohrp/regulations-and-policy/belmont-report/read-the-belmont-report/index.html
US foundational ethics report, 1979; not worldwide legislation Read principles and consent applications. Checked 21 October 2026.
Used in: Informed consent, Research ethics review
- The FAIR guiding principles. (n.d.). https://www.gofair.foundation/fair-principles
GO FAIR Foundation stewardship principles Read identifiers, metadata, access authorization, provenance, and licensing; FAIR does not require unrestricted data access. Checked 21 October 2026.
Used in: Open data and materials
- Understanding psychological measurement. (n.d.). https://opentextbc.ca/researchmethods/chapter/understanding-psychological-measurement/
Operational Definitions; conceptual definitions Original psychology teaching chapter. Supports construct/indicator distinction and self-report, behavioral, and physiological operations. Opened and checked 21 October 2026.
Used in: Operationalization